Republic 9:575

"But now, when under the tyranny of his ruling passion, he is continuously and in waking hours what he rarely became in sleep, and he will refrain from no atrocity of murder nor from any food or deed, but the passion that dwells in him as a tyrant will live in utmost anarchy and lawlessness, and, since it is itself sole autocrat, will urge the polity,^*Cf. on 591 E. so to speak, of him in whom it dwells^* τὸν ἔχοντα: Cf. Phaedr. 239 C, Laws 837 B, Soph. Antig. 790 and also Rep. 610 C and E. to dare anything and everything in order to find support for himself and the hubbub of his henchmen,^*For the tyrant’s companions cf. Newman, i. p. 274, note 1. in part introduced from outside by evil associations, and in part released and liberated within by the same habits of life as his. Is not this the life of such a one?" "It is this," he said. "And if," I said, "there are only a few of this kind in a city, and the others, the multitude as a whole, are sober-minded, the few go forth into exile and serve some tyrant elsewhere as bodyguard or become mercenaries in any war there may be. But if they spring up in time of peace and tranquillity they stay right there in the city and effect many small evils." "What kind of evils do you mean?" "Oh, they just steal, break into houses, cut purses, strip men of their garments, plunder temples, and kidnap,^*Cf. the similar lists of crimes in Gorg. 508 E, Xen. Mem. i. 2. 62. and if they are fluent speakers they become sycophants and bear false witness and take bribes." "Yes, small evils indeed,^*So Shaw and other moderns argue in a somewhat different tone that crimes of this sort are an unimportant matter." he said, "if the men of this sort are few." "Why, yes," I said, "for small evils are relatively small compared with great, and in respect of the corruption and misery of a state all of them together, as the saying goes, don’t come within hail^* οὐδ’ ἴκταρ βάλλει was proverbial, "doesn’t strike near," "doesn’t come within range." Cf. Aelian, N.A. xv. 29. Cf. also οὐδ’ ἐγγύς, Symp. 198 B, 221 D, Herod. ii. 121, Demosth. De cor. 97. of the mischief done by a tyrant. For when men of this sort and their followers become numerous in a state and realize their numbers, then it is they who, in conjunction with the folly of the people, create a tyrant out of that one of them who has the greatest and mightiest tyrant in his own soul." "Naturally," he said, "for he would be the most tyrannical." "Then if the people yield willingly—’tis well,^*In the Greek the apodosis is suppressed. Cf. Protag. 325 D. Adam refers to Herwerden, Mn. xix. pp. 338 f. but if the city resists him, then, just as in the previous case the man chastized his mother and his father, so now in turn will he chastize his fatherland if he can, bringing in new boon companions beneath whose sway he will hold and keep enslaved his once dear motherland^*So also the Hindus of Bengal, The Nation,July 13, 1911, p. 28. Cf. Isoc. iv. 25 πατρίδα καὶ μητέρα, Lysias ii. 18 μητέρα καὶ πατρίδα, Plut. 792 E (An seni resp.) ἡ δὲ πατρὶς καὶ μητρὶς ὡς Κρῆτες καλοῦσι. Vol. I. p. 303, note e, on 414 E, Menex. 239 A.—as the Cretans name her—and fatherland. And this would be the end of such a man’s desire.^*Cf. the accidental coincidence of Swinburne’s refrain, This is the end of every man’s desire (Ballad of Burdens)." "Yes," he said, "this, just this."